If you do get at it again, what you *should* see in the junction box are 2 black wires (hot), 1 white wire (neutral), and a white wire with tape on it (typically red or black - this is the "load" leg from the switch). The neutral wire (white) with no tape should go directly to the neutral on the fan. The two hot wires (black) should be tied together with a wire nut. (Should not go to fan) The last white wire (with tape - "load" wire) should be tied to the hot (black) wire from the fan.
Note that it is not uncommon for the load leg and the hot leg from the switch to be reversed (ie the black wire from the switch goes to your fan, and the white wire from the switch (which should have tape on it) to be tied to the hot from the panel. Functionally it doesn't matter.
If there's no tape on either of the white wires, the one that is either tied the hot black wire in the junction box, or tied to the fan hot, *should* be the one from the switch. To be able to tell for sure, turn off the breaker, disconnect and separate all the wires (so they don't touch), turn the breaker back on, and carefully check with a multimeter which pair is live. That is the pair from the breaker panel, and the other pair is your switch loop.